SPECIMEN QUESTION ON GENETICS FOR NDII

Question 1

1.                 Answer the following

a.      What is a gene?

b.     Define genetics

c.      Write a short on DNA

Question 2

a.                  Nucleotide consists of three components, name them.

b.                 Nitrogenous base are four components, name them

Question 3

Using a separate coding table for each, show how the following amino acid are coded

a.                   Valine and Proline

b.                   Leucine and Arginine

Question  4

Assuming the first base code of a sequence are UCAG, the second base code are GACU and the third base code are UCAG respectively. Using sequence coding table, code for different proteins (amino acids) and name them.

            Question 5

a.         Give at least three examples of the role of genetics in society today

b.         Briefly explain why genetics is crucial to modern biology.

Question 6

 What role did genetics play in the development of the first domesticated plants and animals?

Question 7

Outline the relations between genes, DNA, and chromosomes

Question 8

Explain the importance of chromosomes and genes in heredity.

Question 9

Distinguish between the following pairs of terms:

a) Chromatids and chromosomes b) Prokaryotic and eukaryotic chromosomes.

Question 10

 With the aid of a suitable diagram, show the structure of a typical eukaryotic chromosome.

Question 11

Explain the four major types of eukaryotic chromosomes based on centromere position.

Question 12

a.         Give reasons why Mendel chose the pea plant for his experiments.

b.         Explain each of the following genetic terms:

i)Monohybrid,

ii)Dihybrid,

iii)Genotype,

iv)Phenotype,

v)Alleles,

vi)Recessive gene,

vii)Dominant gene

Question 13

a.      Discuss the bases for Mendel conclusion?

b.     If Ebuka is Homozygous Tall and Sandra is Short, using a test cross show the expected offspring of their children to F4 if they got married.

Question 14

If Taiwo got married to Emelda who is heterozygous tall, what will be the phenotype of their children at F2 assuming Taiwo is Tall?

Question 15

State and explain the two Mendelian laws of inheritance.

Question 16

Explain the behaviour of chromosomes during meiosis in relation to Mendelian laws of inheritance.

Question 17

Differentiate between monohybrid cross and dihybrid cross with an example of each.

Question 18

State the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of offspring produced at F2, in a monohybrid cross where there is complete dominance.

Question 19

In rabbit, brown hair is dominant over white hair. When a pure-breeding brown hair rabbit is crossed with a pure-breeding white hair rabbit, all the F1 offspring produced had brown hair

i) Indicate the genotypes of the parents,

ii) Indicate with the aid of labeled diagrams how the F1 and F2 offspring are produced.

Question 20

Illustrate with the aid of a Punnet square the F2 offspring produced in a dihybrid cross between Tall and Smooth podded plants X Short and Wrinkled podded plants. Tall is dominant over Short and Smooth pod over wrinkled pod.

Question 21

 Explain the deviations from Mendelian ratio.

Question 22

a.                What is the concept of dominance?

b.                How does complete dominance differ from incomplete dominance?

Question 23

a.         State the four blood phenotypes of man and their possible genotypes.

b.         Explain each of the following with suitable examples:

i) Linkage

ii) Multiple alleles

iii) Co dominance

iv) Lethal genes

Question 24

a.         Explain the genetic basis of ABO blood group

b.         Which of the blood groups are referred to as Universal donor and Universal recipient and why?

Question 25

A man heterozygous and in blood group A is married to an heterozygous woman in blood group B. What are the possible blood groups of their offspring?

Question 26

State the blood phenotype of the following genotypes:(i) IAi, (ii) IAIB, (iii) ii

Question 27

a.         What is the most defining difference between males and females?

b.         How do monoecious organisms differ from dioecious organisms?

Question 28

a.         Describe the XX-XO system of sex determination. In this system, which is the heterogametic sex and which is the homogametic sex?

b.         How is sex determined in insects with haplodiploid sex determination?

Question 29

a.         What is meant by genic sex determination?

b.         How does sex determination in Drosophila differ from sex determination in humans?

Question 30

a.         What characteristics are exhibited by an X-linked trait?

b.         Explain how Bridges’s study of nondisjunction in Drosophila helped prove the chromosome theory of inheritance.

Question 31

a.         What is mutation?

b.         Distinguish between the various types of mutation.

Question 32

a.         When is mutation considered to be beneficial?

b.         Differentiate, with examples, between physical and chemical mutagens.

Question 33

a.         What are the role of mutation in evolution and variation?

b.         What is the difference between types of mutation and classification of the causes?

Question 34

a.         What are genetic variations? State two causes of variation in nature

b.         Distinguish with examples between heritable and non heritable character

Question  35

a.         Explain each of the following terms, giving four examples of each:

i) Continuous variation

ii) Discontinuous variation

b.        Classify the following list of variations into Continuous and Discontinuous  Variations, using the format below: eye colour, tongue rolling, ability to taste PTC, height, blood groups, intelligence, mass/ weight, haemophilia  Continuous variation, Discontinuous variation  Size Sex of a child.

Question 36

a.         Explain the role of meiosis in causing variation

b.         List the three main forms of syndromes found in human chromosomes.

Question 37

How many chromosomes would you expect to find in the karyotypes of persons with Down syndrome, Turner syndrome and Klinefelter syndrome? What are their sex chromosome genotypes? 8) Describe the physical characteristics of persons with Down syndrome and Turner syndrome.

Question 38

a.         Define Biotechnology.

b.         What are the branches of biotechnology and enumerate them

Question 39

Write a short note on various biotechnological applications.

Question 40

a.         Name the two types of Nucleic acids.

b.         State the main components of DNA.

c.         Name the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA and show their specific pairing.

Question 41

a.         What is meant by sense and antisense sequence of DNA?

b.         List the applications of Biotechnology in development.

Question 42

a.         Name an abiotic stress that can be tolerated by the genetic modified crop.

b.         Give an example of crop in which nutritional value is enhanced?

Question 43

a.         What is the product of Bt toxin genes?

b.         Name two Bt toxin genes which code for cry protein?

Question 44

a.         Name Bt toxin gene which control boll worm and Bt toxin gene which control corn borer?

b.         What is the alternative to enhance crop yield and minimize the use of fertilizers and chemicals for reducing harmful effects?

Question 45

a.                  What is gene therapy?

b.                  What is unique about transgenic animals?

Question 46

a.         Define Green Revolution.

b.         What is the significance of traditional knowledge?

Question 47

a.         What are Cry proteins? Name an organism that produces it. How has man exploit this protein to his benefit?

b.         Name the enzyme that use in PCR and from which bacterium does it get?

Question 48

a.         How insulin is synthesized in humans?

b.         Why insecticidal protein present in B. thuringiensis does not kill bacteria?

Question 49

How human insulin is prepared by recombined DNA technique? Who first successfully made it?

Question 50

a.         How can early detection of disease be done?

b.         What are the most common applications of PCR?

Question 51

a.                  How process of RNA interference is employed in tobacco plant to avoid infection of nematode?

b.                 How infestation of Meloidegyne incognitia was prevented in tobacco plant?

Question 52

a.                  List three traditional methods of breeding

b.                 Enumerate five steps involved in modern genetic manipulation.

Question 53

What are the benefits and risks of genetic engineering?

Question 54

2.                 Answer the following

a.      What is a gene?

b.     Define genetics

c.      Write a short on DNA

Question 55

a.      Nucleotide consists of three components, name them.

b.     Nitrogenous base are four components, name them

Question 56

Using a separate coding table for each, show how the following amino acid are coded

a.      Valine and Proline

b.     Leucine and Arginine

Question  57

Assuming the first base code of a sequence are UCAG, the second base code are GACU and the third base code are UCAG respectively. Using sequence coding table, code for different proteins (amino acids) and name them.

            Question 58

a.         Give at least three examples of the role of genetics in society today

b.         Briefly explain why genetics is crucial to modern biology.

Question 59

 What role did genetics play in the development of the first domesticated plants and animals?

Question 60

Outline the relations between genes, DNA, and chromosomes

Question 61

Explain the importance of chromosomes and genes in heredity.

Question 62

Distinguish between the following pairs of terms:

a) Chromatids and chromosomes b) Prokaryotic and eukaryotic chromosomes.

Question 63

 With the aid of a suitable diagram, show the structure of a typical eukaryotic chromosome.

Question 64

Explain the four major types of eukaryotic chromosomes based on centromere position.

Question 65

a.         Give reasons why Mendel chose the pea plant for his experiments.

b.         Explain each of the following genetic terms:

i)Monohybrid,

ii)Dihybrid,

iii)Genotype,

iv)Phenotype,

v)Alleles,

vi)Recessive gene,

vii)Dominant gene

Question 66

a.      Discuss the bases for Mendel conclusion?

b.     If Ebuka is Homozygous Tall and Sandra is Short, using a test cross show the expected offspring of their children to F4 if they got married.

Question 67

If Taiwo got married to Emelda who is heterozygous tall, what will be the phenotype of their children at F2 assuming Taiwo is Tall?

Question 68

State and explain the two Mendelian laws of inheritance.

Question 69

Explain the behaviour of chromosomes during meiosis in relation to Mendelian laws of inheritance.

Question 70

Differentiate between monohybrid cross and dihybrid cross with an example of each.

Question 71

State the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of offspring produced at F2, in a monohybrid cross where there is complete dominance.

Question 72

In rabbit, brown hair is dominant over white hair. When a pure-breeding brown hair rabbit is crossed with a pure-breeding white hair rabbit, all the F1 offspring produced had brown hair

i) Indicate the genotypes of the parents,

ii) Indicate with the aid of labeled diagrams how the F1 and F2 offspring are produced.

Question 73

Illustrate with the aid of a Punnet square the F2 offspring produced in a dihybrid cross between Tall and Smooth podded plants X Short and Wrinkled podded plants. Tall is dominant over Short and Smooth pod over wrinkled pod.

Question 74

 Explain the deviations from Mendelian ratio.

Question 76

a.      What is the concept of dominance?

b.     How does complete dominance differ from incomplete dominance?

Question 77

a.         State the four blood phenotypes of man and their possible genotypes.

b.         Explain each of the following with suitable examples:

i) Linkage

ii) Multiple alleles

iii) Co dominance

iv) Lethal genes

Question 78

a.         Explain the genetic basis of ABO blood group

b.         Which of the blood groups are referred to as Universal donor and Universal recipient and why?

Question 79

A man heterozygous and in blood group A is married to an heterozygous woman in blood group B. What are the possible blood groups of their offspring?

Question 80

State the blood phenotype of the following genotypes:(i) IAi, (ii) IAIB, (iii) ii

Question 81

a.         What is the most defining difference between males and females?

b.         How do monoecious organisms differ from dioecious organisms?

Question 82

a.         Describe the XX-XO system of sex determination. In this system, which is the heterogametic sex and which is the homogametic sex?

b.         How is sex determined in insects with haplodiploid sex determination?

Question 83

a.         What is meant by genic sex determination?

b.         How does sex determination in Drosophila differ from sex determination in humans?

Question 84

a.         What characteristics are exhibited by an X-linked trait?

b.         Explain how Bridges’s study of nondisjunction in Drosophila helped prove the chromosome theory of inheritance.

Question 85

a.         What is mutation?

b.         Distinguish between the various types of mutation.

Question 86

a.         When is mutation considered to be beneficial?

b.         Differentiate, with examples, between physical and chemical mutagens.

Question 87

a.         What are the role of mutation in evolution and variation?

b.         What is the difference between types of mutation and classification of the causes?

Question 88

a.         What are genetic variations? State two causes of variation in nature

b.         Distinguish with examples between heritable and non heritable character

Question  89

a.         Explain each of the following terms, giving four examples of each:

i) Continuous variation

ii) Discontinuous variation

b.        Classify the following list of variations into Continuous and Discontinuous  Variations, using the format below: eye colour, tongue rolling, ability to taste PTC, height, blood groups, intelligence, mass/ weight, haemophilia  Continuous variation, Discontinuous variation  Size Sex of a child.

Question 90

a.         Explain the role of meiosis in causing variation

b.         List the three main forms of syndromes found in human chromosomes.

Question 91

How many chromosomes would you expect to find in the karyotypes of persons with Down syndrome, Turner syndrome and Klinefelter syndrome? What are their sex chromosome genotypes? 8) Describe the physical characteristics of persons with Down syndrome and Turner syndrome.

Question 92

a.         Define Biotechnology.

b.         What are the branches of biotechnology and enumerate them

Question 93

Write a short note on various biotechnological applications.

Question 94

a.         Name the two types of Nucleic acids.

b.         State the main components of DNA.

c.         Name the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA and show their specific pairing.

Question 95

a.         What is meant by sense and antisense sequence of DNA?

b.         List the applications of Biotechnology in development.

Question 96

a.         Name an abiotic stress that can be tolerated by the genetic modified crop.

b.         Give an example of crop in which nutritional value is enhanced?

Question 97

a.         What is the product of Bt toxin genes?

b.         Name two Bt toxin genes which code for cry protein?

Question 98

a.         Name Bt toxin gene which control boll worm and Bt toxin gene which control corn borer?

b.         What is the alternative to enhance crop yield and minimize the use of fertilizers and chemicals for reducing harmful effects?

Question 99

a.      What is gene therapy?

b.     What is unique about transgenic animals?

Question 100

a.         Define Green Revolution.

b.         What is the significance of traditional knowledge?

Question 101

a.         What are Cry proteins? Name an organism that produces it. How has man exploit this protein to his benefit?

b.         Name the enzyme that use in PCR and from which bacterium does it get?

Question 102

a.         How insulin is synthesized in humans?

b.         Why insecticidal protein present in B. thuringiensis does not kill bacteria?

Question 103

How human insulin is prepared by recombined DNA technique? Who first successfully made it?

Question 104

a.         How can early detection of disease be done?

b.         What are the most common applications of PCR?

Question 105

a.      How process of RNA interference is employed in tobacco plant to avoid infection of nematode?

b.     How infestation of Meloidegyne incognitia was prevented in tobacco plant?

Question 106

a.      List three traditional methods of breeding

b.     Enumerate five steps involved in modern genetic manipulation.

Question 107

What are the benefits and risks of genetic engineering?

Question 108

a.      Answer the following

b.     What is a gene?

c.      Define genetics

d.     Write a short on DNA

Question 109

a.      Nucleotide consists of three components, name them.

b.     Nitrogenous base are four components, name them

Question 110

Using a separate coding table for each, show how the following amino acid are coded

a.      Valine and Proline

b.     Leucine and Arginine

Question 111

Assuming the first base code of a sequence are UCAG, the second base code are GACU and the third base code are UCAG respectively. Using sequence coding table, code for different proteins (amino acids) and name them.

            Question 112

a.         Give at least three examples of the role of genetics in society today

b.         Briefly explain why genetics is crucial to modern biology.

Question 113

 What role did genetics play in the development of the first domesticated plants and animals?

Question 114

Outline the relations between genes, DNA, and chromosomes

Question 115

Explain the importance of chromosomes and genes in heredity.

Question 116

Distinguish between the following pairs of terms:

a) Chromatids and chromosomes b) Prokaryotic and eukaryotic chromosomes.

Question 117

 With the aid of a suitable diagram, show the structure of a typical eukaryotic chromosome.

Question 118

Explain the four major types of eukaryotic chromosomes based on centromere position.

Question 119

a.         Give reasons why Mendel chose the pea plant for his experiments.

b.         Explain each of the following genetic terms:

i)Monohybrid,

ii)Dihybrid,

iii)Genotype,

iv)Phenotype,

v)Alleles,

vi)Recessive gene,

vii)Dominant gene

Question 120

a.      Discuss the bases for Mendel conclusion?

b.     If Ebuka is Homozygous Tall and Sandra is Short, using a test cross show the expected offspring of their children to F4 if they got married.

Question 121

If Taiwo got married to Emelda who is heterozygous tall, what will be the phenotype of their children at F2 assuming Taiwo is Tall?

Question 122

State and explain the two Mendelian laws of inheritance.

Question 123

Explain the behaviour of chromosomes during meiosis in relation to Mendelian laws of inheritance.

Question 124

Differentiate between monohybrid cross and dihybrid cross with an example of each.

Question 125

State the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of offspring produced at F2, in a monohybrid cross where there is complete dominance.

Question 126

In rabbit, brown hair is dominant over white hair. When a pure-breeding brown hair rabbit is crossed with a pure-breeding white hair rabbit, all the F1 offspring produced had brown hair

i) Indicate the genotypes of the parents,

ii) Indicate with the aid of labeled diagrams how the F1 and F2 offspring are produced.

Question 127

Illustrate with the aid of a Punnet square the F2 offspring produced in a dihybrid cross between Tall and Smooth podded plants X Short and Wrinkled podded plants. Tall is dominant over Short and Smooth pod over wrinkled pod.

Question 128

 Explain the deviations from Mendelian ratio.

Question 129

a.      What is the concept of dominance?

b.     How does complete dominance differ from incomplete dominance?

Question 130

a.         State the four blood phenotypes of man and their possible genotypes.

b.         Explain each of the following with suitable examples:

i) Linkage

ii) Multiple alleles

iii) Co dominance

iv) Lethal genes

Question 131

a.         Explain the genetic basis of ABO blood group

b.         Which of the blood groups are referred to as Universal donor and Universal recipient and why?

Question 132

A man heterozygous and in blood group A is married to an heterozygous woman in blood group B. What are the possible blood groups of their offspring?

Question 133

State the blood phenotype of the following genotypes:(i) IAi, (ii) IAIB, (iii) ii

Question 134

a.         What is the most defining difference between males and females?

b.         How do monoecious organisms differ from dioecious organisms?

Question 135

a.         Describe the XX-XO system of sex determination. In this system, which is the heterogametic sex and which is the homogametic sex?

b.         How is sex determined in insects with haplodiploid sex determination?

Question 136

a.         What is meant by genic sex determination?

b.         How does sex determination in Drosophila differ from sex determination in humans?

Question 137

a.         What characteristics are exhibited by an X-linked trait?

b.         Explain how Bridges’s study of nondisjunction in Drosophila helped prove the chromosome theory of inheritance.

Question 138

a.         What is mutation?

b.         Distinguish between the various types of mutation.

Question 139

a.         When is mutation considered to be beneficial?

b.         Differentiate, with examples, between physical and chemical mutagens.

Question 140

a.         What are the role of mutation in evolution and variation?

b.         What is the difference between types of mutation and classification of the causes?

Question 141

a.         What are genetic variations? State two causes of variation in nature

b.         Distinguish with examples between heritable and non heritable character

Question 142

a.         Explain each of the following terms, giving four examples of each:

i) Continuous variation

ii) Discontinuous variation

b.        Classify the following list of variations into Continuous and Discontinuous  Variations, using the format below: eye colour, tongue rolling, ability to taste PTC, height, blood groups, intelligence, mass/ weight, haemophilia  Continuous variation, Discontinuous variation  Size Sex of a child.

Question 143

a.         Explain the role of meiosis in causing variation

b.         List the three main forms of syndromes found in human chromosomes.

Question 144

How many chromosomes would you expect to find in the karyotypes of persons with Down syndrome, Turner syndrome and Klinefelter syndrome? What are their sex chromosome genotypes? 8) Describe the physical characteristics of persons with Down syndrome and Turner syndrome.

Question 145

a.         Define Biotechnology.

b.         What are the branches of biotechnology and enumerate them

Question 146

Write a short note on various biotechnological applications.

Question 147

a.         Name the two types of Nucleic acids.

b.         State the main components of DNA.

c.         Name the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA and show their specific pairing.

Question 148

a.         What is meant by sense and antisense sequence of DNA?

b.         List the applications of Biotechnology in development.

Question 149

a.         Name an abiotic stress that can be tolerated by the genetic modified crop.

b.         Give an example of crop in which nutritional value is enhanced?

Question 150

a.         What is the product of Bt toxin genes?

b.         Name two Bt toxin genes which code for cry protein?

Question 151

a.         Name Bt toxin gene which control boll worm and Bt toxin gene which control corn borer?

b.         What is the alternative to enhance crop yield and minimize the use of fertilizers and chemicals for reducing harmful effects?

Question 152

c.                  What is gene therapy?

d.                  What is unique about transgenic animals?

Question 153

a.         Define Green Revolution.

b.         What is the significance of traditional knowledge?

Question 154

a.         What are Cry proteins? Name an organism that produces it. How has man exploit this protein to his benefit?

b.         Name the enzyme that use in PCR and from which bacterium does it get?

Question 155

a.         How insulin is synthesized in humans?

b.         Why insecticidal protein present in B. thuringiensis does not kill bacteria?

Question 156

How human insulin is prepared by recombined DNA technique? Who first successfully made it?

Question 157

a.         How can early detection of disease be done?

b.         What are the most common applications of PCR?

Question 158

a.      How process of RNA interference is employed in tobacco plant to avoid infection of nematode?

b.     How infestation of Meloidegyne incognitia was prevented in tobacco plant?

Question 159

a.      List three traditional methods of breeding

b.     Enumerate five steps involved in modern genetic manipulation.

Question 160

What are the benefits and risks of genetic engineering?

Question 161

Answer the following

a.      What is a gene?

c.      Define genetics

d.     Write a short on DNA

Question 162

a.      Nucleotide consists of three components, name them.

b.     Nitrogenous base are four components, name them

Question 163

Using a separate coding table for each, show how the following amino acid are coded

a.      Valine and Proline

b.     Leucine and Arginine

Question  164

Assuming the first base code of a sequence are UCAG, the second base code are GACU and the third base code are UCAG respectively. Using sequence coding table, code for different proteins (amino acids) and name them.

            Question 165

a.         Give at least three examples of the role of genetics in society today

b.         Briefly explain why genetics is crucial to modern biology.

Question 166

 What role did genetics play in the development of the first domesticated plants and animals?

Question 167

Outline the relations between genes, DNA, and chromosomes

Question 168

Explain the importance of chromosomes and genes in heredity.

Question 169

Distinguish between the following pairs of terms:

a) Chromatids and chromosomes b) Prokaryotic and eukaryotic chromosomes.

Question 170

 With the aid of a suitable diagram, show the structure of a typical eukaryotic chromosome.

Question 171

Explain the four major types of eukaryotic chromosomes based on centromere position.

Question 172

a.         Give reasons why Mendel chose the pea plant for his experiments.

b.         Explain each of the following genetic terms:

i)Monohybrid,

ii)Dihybrid,

iii)Genotype,

iv)Phenotype,

v)Alleles,

vi)Recessive gene,

vii)Dominant gene

Question 173

a.      Discuss the bases for Mendel conclusion?

b.     If Ebuka is Homozygous Tall and Sandra is Short, using a test cross show the expected offspring of their children to F4 if they got married.

Question 174

If Taiwo got married to Emelda who is heterozygous tall, what will be the phenotype of their children at F2 assuming Taiwo is Tall?

Question 175

State and explain the two Mendelian laws of inheritance.

Question 176

Explain the behaviour of chromosomes during meiosis in relation to Mendelian laws of inheritance.

Question 177

Differentiate between monohybrid cross and dihybrid cross with an example of each.

Question 178

State the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of offspring produced at F2, in a monohybrid cross where there is complete dominance.

Question 179

In rabbit, brown hair is dominant over white hair. When a pure-breeding brown hair rabbit is crossed with a pure-breeding white hair rabbit, all the F1 offspring produced had brown hair

i) Indicate the genotypes of the parents,

ii) Indicate with the aid of labeled diagrams how the F1 and F2 offspring are produced.

Question 180

Illustrate with the aid of a Punnet square the F2 offspring produced in a dihybrid cross between Tall and Smooth podded plants X Short and Wrinkled podded plants. Tall is dominant over Short and Smooth pod over wrinkled pod.

Question 181

 Explain the deviations from Mendelian ratio.

Question 182

a.      What is the concept of dominance?

b.     How does complete dominance differ from incomplete dominance?

Question 183

a.         State the four blood phenotypes of man and their possible genotypes.

b.         Explain each of the following with suitable examples:

i) Linkage

ii) Multiple alleles

iii) Co dominance

iv) Lethal genes

Question 184

a.         Explain the genetic basis of ABO blood group

b.         Which of the blood groups are referred to as Universal donor and Universal recipient and why?

Question 185

A man heterozygous and in blood group A is married to an heterozygous woman in blood group B. What are the possible blood groups of their offspring?

Question 186

State the blood phenotype of the following genotypes:(i) IAi, (ii) IAIB, (iii) ii

Question 187

a.         What is the most defining difference between males and females?

b.         How do monoecious organisms differ from dioecious organisms?

Question 188

a.         Describe the XX-XO system of sex determination. In this system, which is the heterogametic sex and which is the homogametic sex?

b.         How is sex determined in insects with haplodiploid sex determination?

Question 189

a.         What is meant by genic sex determination?

b.         How does sex determination in Drosophila differ from sex determination in humans?

Question 190

a.         What characteristics are exhibited by an X-linked trait?

b.         Explain how Bridges’s study of nondisjunction in Drosophila helped prove the chromosome theory of inheritance.

Question 191

a.         What is mutation?

b.         Distinguish between the various types of mutation.

Question 192

a.         When is mutation considered to be beneficial?

b.         Differentiate, with examples, between physical and chemical mutagens.

Question 193

a.         What are the role of mutation in evolution and variation?

b.         What is the difference between types of mutation and classification of the causes?

Question 194

a.         What are genetic variations? State two causes of variation in nature

b.         Distinguish with examples between heritable and non heritable character

Question 195

a.         Explain each of the following terms, giving four examples of each:

i) Continuous variation

ii) Discontinuous variation

b.        Classify the following list of variations into Continuous and Discontinuous  Variations, using the format below: eye colour, tongue rolling, ability to taste PTC, height, blood groups, intelligence, mass/ weight, haemophilia  Continuous variation, Discontinuous variation  Size Sex of a child.

Question 196

a.         Explain the role of meiosis in causing variation

b.         List the three main forms of syndromes found in human chromosomes.

Question 197

How many chromosomes would you expect to find in the karyotypes of persons with Down syndrome, Turner syndrome and Klinefelter syndrome? What are their sex chromosome genotypes? 8) Describe the physical characteristics of persons with Down syndrome and Turner syndrome.

Question 198

a.         Define Biotechnology.

b.         What are the branches of biotechnology and enumerate them

Question 199

Write a short note on various biotechnological applications.

Question 200

a.         Name the two types of Nucleic acids.

b.         State the main components of DNA.

c.         Name the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA and show their specific pairing.

Question 201

a.         What is meant by sense and antisense sequence of DNA?

b.         List the applications of Biotechnology in development.

Question 202

a.         Name an abiotic stress that can be tolerated by the genetic modified crop.

b.         Give an example of crop in which nutritional value is enhanced?

Question 203

a.         What is the product of Bt toxin genes?

b.         Name two Bt toxin genes which code for cry protein?

Question 204

a.         Name Bt toxin gene which control boll worm and Bt toxin gene which control corn borer?

b.         What is the alternative to enhance crop yield and minimize the use of fertilizers and chemicals for reducing harmful effects?

Question 205

a.      What is gene therapy?

b.     What is unique about transgenic animals?

Question 206

a.         Define Green Revolution.

b.         What is the significance of traditional knowledge?

Question 207

a.         What are Cry proteins? Name an organism that produces it. How has man exploit this protein to his benefit?

b.         Name the enzyme that use in PCR and from which bacterium does it get?

Question 208

a.         How insulin is synthesized in humans?

b.         Why insecticidal protein present in B. thuringiensis does not kill bacteria?

Question 209

How human insulin is prepared by recombined DNA technique? Who first successfully made it?

Question 210

a.         How can early detection of disease be done?

b.         What are the most common applications of PCR?

Question 211

a.      How process of RNA interference is employed in tobacco plant to avoid infection of nematode?

b.     How infestation of Meloidegyne incognitia was prevented in tobacco plant?

Question 212

a.      List three traditional methods of breeding

b.     Enumerate five steps involved in modern genetic manipulation.

Question 213

What are the benefits and risks of genetic engineering?